Make it Stick by Peter C Brown

1. Embrace the challenge of learning

In "Make it Stick," the authors emphasize the importance of embracing the struggle in learning.

Learning that's easy is often forgotten just as quickly. You can fortify neural connections and enhance recall by pushing your cognitive abilities. For example, attempting complex mathematical problems might be challenging but helps solidify your understanding.

"The harder it is to remember something, the harder it is to later forget. This is called the “testing effect” or “test-enhanced learning,” and it’s a real thing." - Peter C. Brown

2. Vary your practice

Brown stresses the value of interleaved practice – varying the types of problems or skills in a single study session. This approach assists in distinguishing between different problem types and applying the correct techniques, increasing versatility in your learning.

"The more you mix up your practice, the more you learn." - Peter C. Brown

3. Self-testing is vital

The authors advocate for self-quizzing as a critical learning tool. Testing not only gauges your understanding but also strengthens your memory. Incorporate regular quizzes in your study routine to review and consolidate your learning.

"It’s better to solve a problem than memorize a solution. It’s better to invent something than look it up." - Peter C. Brown

4. Avoid cramming

Cramming might help in acing a test the next day, but the authors argue that this information is quickly forgotten. Instead, they suggest spaced repetition, revisiting, and revising topics over time, enhancing long-term recall considerably.

"Putting in more hours of study on the same day as learning new material is not nearly as effective as spacing your learning episodes apart." - Peter C. Brown

5. Create mental models

The book underscores the importance of forming mental models or frameworks to connect new information with existing knowledge. Such frameworks assist in assimilating complex concepts, improving understanding and recall.

"Understanding is deepened when you try to explain an idea, and it’s consolidated when you weave it into other knowledge." - Peter C. Brown

6. Elaboration enhances understanding

Elaboration, explaining and describing ideas in your own words, is a powerful learning tool. It allows you to internalize knowledge, relate it to what you already know, and strengthens your grasp of the material.

"When you’re adept at extracting the underlying principles or 'rules' that differentiate types of problems, you’re more successful at picking the right solutions in unfamiliar situations." - Peter C. Brown

7. Cultivate a growth mindset

Lastly, the authors encourage a growth mindset, viewing intelligence and skills as attributes that can be developed. This perspective can make you more resilient, help you embrace challenges, and foster lifelong learning.

"A mind is a fire to be kindled, not a vessel to be filled." - Peter C. Brown